What counts as child abandonment
Child abandonment means leaving a child without proper care or supervision in a way that exposes them to harm, with no clear intention of returning. It does not have to mean walking out for good: a parent who repeatedly leaves a young child alone overnight, or disappears for days at a time, can fall within the same legal territory.
Two pieces of legislation sit at the heart of this area. The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 deals with the criminal side, while the Children Act 1989 sets out the wider child protection framework used by the police, local authorities and family courts. Section 1 of the 1933 Act makes it an offence for anyone aged 16 or over with responsibility for a child under that age to wilfully assault, ill-treat, neglect, abandon or expose them in a way likely to cause unnecessary suffering or injury to health.
There is no fixed legal age below which a child cannot be left at home alone. The NSPCC suggests children under about 12 are rarely mature enough to be left for long, and that infants should never be left without an adult. The test courts apply is whether the child was put at risk, not whether a specific age threshold was crossed.
Cases often come to light when neighbours, teachers or police notice something is wrong: a child wandering the streets at odd hours, turning up at school hungry or in dirty clothes, or knocking on doors asking where their parent has gone.

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The first priority is immediate safety. Under section 46 of the Children Act 1989, police can take a child into police protection for up to 72 hours where they have reasonable cause to believe the child would otherwise be at risk of significant harm. Children's services at the local authority will then become involved quickly.
Social workers will try to trace another relative, usually a grandparent, aunt, uncle or older sibling, who can step in. Placing a child with extended family is preferred where safe and practical, and this can be formalised later through a special guardianship order or child arrangements order.
Where no suitable family member can be found, the child is likely to be placed in local authority foster care. If the parent does not return, the local authority may apply to the family court for a care order. In the most serious cases, where reunification is not realistic, the court can eventually consider a placement order leading to adoption.
For more on how the family courts handle these situations, see our guides to care proceedings and parental responsibility.
Your situation may be slightly different. ask a question below ↓ and our editorial team will reply with our advice.
Penalties for the parent
An offence under section 1 of the 1933 Act can be tried in the magistrates' court or Crown Court. The maximum sentence on indictment is 10 years' imprisonment, although the actual sentence depends on the circumstances, the child's age, how long they were left, and the level of harm or risk involved.
The Crown Prosecution Service and courts will consider what was happening in the parent's life at the time. Mitigating factors might include serious mental illness, recent bereavement, domestic abuse, addiction or relationship breakdown. None of these excuse leaving a child at risk, but they can affect both charging decisions and sentencing.
A custodial sentence is most likely where a child was left in genuine danger, was very young, or where the abandonment was deliberate and prolonged. In less serious cases, a community order with requirements such as parenting programmes, mental health treatment or supervised contact may be used instead.
Getting help before crisis point
Removal from a parent is not always permanent. Where there is a realistic prospect of the parent coping again, children's services will usually put a plan in place: counselling, parenting classes, help with housing or debt, treatment for substance misuse, and gradual supervised contact. The family court will only support reunification if satisfied the child will be safe.
Parents who feel they are at breaking point are far better off asking for help than walking away. None of these services can promise total confidentiality if a child appears at risk of harm, since they may have a duty to pass that on:
- Your local authority's early help team can arrange practical assistance with housing, finances and family support.
- Your GP can refer you for mental health treatment and point you towards local services.
- Family Lives runs a free helpline and online chat for parents under pressure.
- The NSPCC helpline takes calls from adults worried about a child, including their own situation.
- Samaritans are available around the clock for anyone in emotional distress.
If you are worried a child nearby has been left alone or is being neglected, contact your local council's children's services, the NSPCC, or the police on 101. In an emergency where a child appears in immediate danger, call 999.
Can she sue for child abandonment?
The Manager of the Away team got sent of and left, leaving 3 players without a lift home. They told me the lived in my Town some 7 miles away from a Remote Moorland Location. So i gave them a lift as they had no means oe money to get ome.
I am helping a friend prepare a case of child abandonment in England. In what laws can I find what's written on this page? Are there any specific laws cited here?
Thank you.
She has now decided that she wants her daughter full time in America . She has not paid anything to my son as in maintenence.
Where does my son stand as he wants his daughter with him
I don't know where my ex is currently living and so can't even divorce him.
He is/was mentally, emotionally and financially abusive with anger issues.
My son still has his bio fathers surname and i want to change it to my maiden name.
I am really struggling to find out what my options are. I really do not want him coming back into our lives due to the abuse. What can I do?!
Please help!!
My son is 5. He hasn't seen his real dad since he was 2. Prior to that he was in and out of his life for 9 months then came back then went off again for another 8-9months he went to live elsewhere. I kept contact with his family so my child had his nan in his life, se would have him weekly and pop in for tea, then when her son moved back she just used him for contact and didn't contact myself. I asked her to be there when he had my son because I was told he had a very bad cociane problem just before I found out I was pregnant. Quite afew issues there, he even lost contact with his brother for the same reasons, people after him for money, stole a car and lived with a girlfriend who's friend contacted me for the concerns of my sons welfare as he came to see him one weekend, she said he had been living in a car before he met her which I knew about . He paid on and off for afew months for him. I got in contact with mediation so we could do supervised visits but he didn't even manage to do that! He will randomly call years apart and there is a pattern in how the calls will go, obviously this is all my fault not his! .i have tried everywhere possible for them to have a relationship. No one sees my child on his side anymore. I'm just worried if anything happened to me where would he go. He lives with myself, my partner who he calls dad (he is aware he has a dad that made him, he was not made to call him that he began it by himself we never wanted to correct him if that's what he wanted and felt comfortable doing) he has a baby brother too. I just worry if I died his whole life would be tipped upside down, moved in with people he does not know, not living with his family, going to his school and just general life. Isn't 2 and a half years or so length of time classed as abandonment?Everytime I have tried he lets my son down, he is 5 now I had all the questions I want him secure and happy which he is and I dread to think what could happen, how his little life could be turned upside down if I was not here!
My neighbours grandson has been abandoned by both his parents and has no other family that he can live with.
He has just finished high school and he now facing homelessness.
We called places where they can provide emergency housing but all that’s been suggested is that he moves back with his parents.
There are issues with his parents mental health and the reason for why he left but also his parents wanted him to “suffer” for what his done wrong.
What help could he get?
My wife left me, with my 2 twin daughters, and presently staying in USA. For last 3 years me and my parents are looking after my daughters. She calls my daughters only on their birthdays. She demanded 45k £ after she walked away, saying she will never bother me again.
Now i am planning to move to Australia for good this winter. Recently i was contacted by my wife demanding for another 50k £, if i wants my daughters full custody and move with my daughters to Australia.
It's more then 3 years she never visited my daughters, and now she is claiming for more money. Please advise.
Jojo
Can we apply to remove his parental responsibility?
If he makes contact to request visitation again can we refuse?
Both parents left England, the father was here for the birth and a couple of weeks for her 1st birthday and that's it, his whereabouts are currently unknown.
Her mother went back to Portugal March 2017.
My wife, the babies grandmother and myself, her step grandfather, have an arrangement order that gives us responsibility for her and she has lived with us ever since. we have twice tried to obtain a British Passport and have been refused on the grounds that the the child is not a British Citizen.
We have been to court several time, once to obtain the Arrangement Order and twice to try and obtain an SGO. The last time we went to court the Judge amended the Arrangement Order as both parents had gone and we have responsibility for the child, which we are very happy about. All we want to do is obtain the said Passport.
We seem to be going around in circles.
My daughter is 4, her biological father (who IS on her birth certificate) hasn't had any contact with myself or my daughter and hasn't paid a penny since she was 11 months old, he hasn't tried at all to contact us, can this be classed as abandonment?
I am looking at my partner adopting her, we have been together for 3 years, & looking to get married, & she calls him dad , but I'm worried that her biological dad will not agree and sign the papers for adoption , he isn't a fit father and I was in a domestic abuse relationship with him... I was put into a refuge due to this. I have a residence order and an order to state no one can take her out of my care without permission (I cannot remember what this order is called)
I also have no idea where he is as he travels alot and moves around finding different girlfriends to live with just to have somewhere to live.
Thank you for your help.
I really don't know what to do
My granddaughter is now going to be 11 years old
The mother will not talk on the phone to the boy and he is very distressed !
I'm hoping this will bring the situation to a head. We have been into school but have Been offered no help they are not willing to open up a meeting between mother and my partner !
This situation is awful for the boy and he is very distressed I have contacted social services in rochdale but they have offered nothing but a phone number !
I'm afraid she will actually say to the boy that she doesn't want him !
I think he will end up doing something silly !
Can I force the issue, can I take the boy back to his mum ? In the hope that it will make them talk !
Thanks
My son and his girlfriend were staying at my home. They have 2 children and just last week the mother has left and has not tried to come back. My son keeps saying that he doesn't want his children. They are 3 years old and 6 months. I want to take care of them myself but my financial situation is not good. I work a good job with good pay but I have a lot of expenses that I need to take care of. How can I get help if I chose to take care of them?
Neither parent seems to care for the child and all all responsibility has fallen upon my mother - but she has no legal rights to co sent to anything etc.
The school that my nephew goes to is currently attacking her (she’s an employee there) saying that she is the cause of his bad behaviour and making changes to his routine that other children of staff can follow fine. It got a bit much for her the other day and she left without him (fully intent on going back once she had calmed down), and has just been told that if this happens again, she could be charged with abandonment.
The school has the contact details for the father.
Based on the above information, could she be charged with abandonment or would this not hold up in court? Is there any advice that you could give, hopefully avoiding court ourselves, as we don’t have the money for it, and truly care for the child, especially as we’ve been looking after him (or having him living with us, along with his mother) since he was born.
Many thanks,
He has 2 other children from other relationships, one has been adopted by her new step father and he has abandoned the other. His name is on my childrens birth certificate.
My fiance who has lived with us for over a year, has taken on the role of their father and we would like him to adopt them.
I believe my ex husband is now living abroad. If he is somehow tracked down and contests, will this prevent the adoption being granted?
My stepdaughter has been staying with us for the past 6weeks. She was supposed to stay for a weekend but her mother vanished. We can't reach her at all. She decides when she wants to make contact with us or any other family members. Last time we heard about her she was getting married in another country. My partner and I have never been told about all her plans. Now school resume and we still don't know where she is. Her council flat is empty, her neighbors have not seen or heard from her for several weeks. Can my partner ask for full custody as thery were not married when the child was conceived? Should we involve social services ? The council? The police?,,,
Thanks for your help.
I can no longer cope and struggling severely. I have such negative feelings towards my child and as time progresses I am beginning to hate him.
Of the picture not for nearly a year and a half could I get his rights terminated? I have no clue where he is and he has blocked me on all social media accounts and mobile numbers. We did mediation before and he failed to show up I have messages from a year an a half ago stating he was going to kill me and threatining behaviour. What can I do??? Please help.
He IS on the birth certificate and she has his last name. I want this changed if possible
I recently lost my son and his ex-girlfriend struggles to raise our grandchildren by her self.
She has agreed to me helping her, as I always have and we often have them overnight and for holidays etc.
What is the best way forward - could I get joint parental responsibility with her consent?
I'm not looking for them to live with me - just to safeguard them should anything happen.
Me and my eldest (step child) had a car accident and I had to give up my right to treatment so I could sign the permissions for the paramedics to treat her in the ambulance now a year later I am suffering from the fact that I wasn't treated for hours later
If my wife had PR I wouldn't be suffering simply because of the mother who disappeared all them years ago and my wife has no rights over the children who she nurses when ill and hugs them when they are sad feeds them clothes them
The law is a load of people who don't know what real life is
If I want my wife to have PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY I have to pay £1000's to go to court and get a new court order so my wife is legally allowed to sign a school permission slip or to go to the doctors and give permission for treatment or medication
The mother has gotten away with financial responsibilities and still has PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY for children she clearly does not care about or has no interest in
Why is there a law that if a person has abandoned their child after so many years they should loss any rights to the child and the other parent should be able to choose who could have parental responsibility ie a step parent without having to go to court
If I died what would happen to my children would I have to name my wife to have the responsibility of the children?
Please I need some advices and help
My ex boyfriend left me pregnant and he abandoned me and his child .
We never been married and we are different nationalities. I decided to make he pay for his lies..
I want he to support and help me with some money to grow my daughter.
What I should do ?
What are the steps to start this process?
How is the best to do everything right and by low ?
Sincerely
Margo
I have two daughters. The younger attends our local international school and the elder, who turns 18 in October, is in her final year at boarding school in New Zealand.
I know this sounds absolutely horrible and it breaks my heart but I do not want my elder back after she has completed her schooling in November.
As she will then be 18 years old would I still be liable to any form of prosecution in New Zealand (even though I am not living there) or after we return to the UK if I 'abandon' her in New Zealand after she has completed her schooling?
She knows her and her son are not welcome but she still leaves her son and drives off and turns off her phone so we can't call her or send him back.
What can I have done to stop this from happening?
We have attempted in the past to change her name yet the courts would not allow this as he is on her birth certificate and he would not give permission, since then he has not had any contact with her.
I have heard of the 'Abandonment' law and wonder if this applies in this case and would we be able to proceed without his consent.
She is now marries and her husband is wanting to adopt my daughter which I'm all for. What type of routes can they go down and also will him adopting her remove all legal and financial responsibility
However, my stepsons behaviour has become more and more unruly, and he has been permanently excluded from school and he has started smoking cannabis. He has shown violent and aggresive behaviour towards others, and this has strained mine and his relationship with each other to breaking point. I informed social services that this was the case and that my mental health had suffered and that i felt no longer able to have him in my care any longer. They said that they would need to have an edge of care meeting to see what support they could offer to prevent him becoming a looked after child. However, I told therm that i didnt think that it was a good idea that he remained in my home as there had been a violent confrontation between him and myself and that i did not want this to end up worse. they then went on to contact his mother saying that she would need to provide alternative accommodation for him. She informed them that there was no other family member who was willing to take him in because of his behaviour, and that she did not think it was appropriate to have him at home with her and the other children for the same reason. Social services went on to tell her that if she did not provide alternative accommodation for him they would have to prosecute her for child abandonment. could you advise us about this as i feel as though i have been forced into a difficult position
Plese, what should John do at this situation, and are there any sort of kids' shelters in the UK? And how can a child under 18 do anything about this? I know he can't sue her and mother would only make her more mad? It feels really bad because of the distance I can't do anything about it.
social services have placed him in a B&B 40 miles away from there school and he is expected to get them there every day, he has no job!
the children do not want to live with him and cannot live with their mother (court order in place).
the girls are saying that they want to go into care and if he don't let them go they will run away, he has asked social services to take them but they are refusing saying that they have to stay with him. the kids don't want to and he really cant cope, I am worried that he will try to do something like try to take his own life just so the girls will be looked after properly, can he take the children to the social services office and leave them there in theory abandoning them, if so what will happen to him ?
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